In vivo Evaluation of the Anti-hemorrhoidal Properties of a Formulation Based on Solanum nigrum and Combretum racemosus
Bamba Abou *
Laboratoire Biologie et Santé, ufr Biosciences, Université Félix Houphouët-Boigny, 22 BP 582 Abidjan 22, Côte d'Ivoire and Department of medical and basic biochemistry, Institute Pasteur of Côte d'Ivoire, 01BP 490 Abidjan 01, Côte d'Ivoire.
Dagnogo Olefongo
Laboratoire Biologie et Santé, ufr Biosciences, Université Félix Houphouët-Boigny, 22 BP 582 Abidjan 22, Côte d'Ivoire and Department of medical and basic biochemistry, Institute Pasteur of Côte d'Ivoire, 01BP 490 Abidjan 01, Côte d'Ivoire.
Kouassi Konan Armand Marcelin
Laboratoire Biologie et Santé, ufr Biosciences, Université Félix Houphouët-Boigny, 22 BP 582 Abidjan 22, Côte d'Ivoire.
KIPRE Gueyraud Rolland
Laboratoire Biologie et Santé, ufr Biosciences, Université Félix Houphouët-Boigny, 22 BP 582 Abidjan 22, Côte d'Ivoire.
Zougrou N'guessan Ernest
Laboratoire d'Endocrinologie et Biologie de la Reproduction ufr Biosciences, Université Félix Houphouët-Boigny, 22 BP 582 Abidjan 22, Côte d'Ivoire.
KONAN Gbê Kouakou N’dri Ange
Laboratoire Biologie et Santé, ufr Biosciences, Université Félix Houphouët-Boigny, 22 BP 582 Abidjan 22, Côte d'Ivoire.
Soumahoro Saly
Laboratoire Biologie et Santé, ufr Biosciences, Université Félix Houphouët-Boigny, 22 BP 582 Abidjan 22, Côte d'Ivoire.
Yapi Houphouet Félix
Laboratoire Biologie et Santé, ufr Biosciences, Université Félix Houphouët-Boigny, 22 BP 582 Abidjan 22, Côte d'Ivoire.
Djaman Allico Joseph
Laboratoire Biologie et Santé, ufr Biosciences, Université Félix Houphouët-Boigny, 22 BP 582 Abidjan 22, Côte d'Ivoire and Department of medical and basic biochemistry, Institute Pasteur of Côte d'Ivoire, 01BP 490 Abidjan 01, Côte d'Ivoire.
*Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Abstract
Haemorrhoidal disease is associated with inflammation and congestion of the anorectal vascular plexus. Medicinal plants remain widely used in traditional health practices, but experimental evidence is required to support their pharmacological relevance. This study evaluated the in vivo anti-haemorrhoidal activity of a topical formulation prepared from aqueous extracts of Solanum nigrum leaves and Combretum racemosus root bark. Plant extracts were obtained by exhaustive aqueous extraction, yielding 5.336% for Solanum nigrum and 12.875% for Combretum racemosus. The extracts were mixed in equal proportions and incorporated into shea butter to prepare ointments containing 45% and 90% plant extract mixture. Haemorrhoidal inflammation was induced in Wistar rats using croton oil. Twenty-five rats were divided into five groups: normal control, untreated negative control, positive control treated with Titanoreine, 45% formulation, and 90% formulation. Anti-inflammatory activity was assessed using the recto-anal coefficient and plasma concentrations of interleukin-6 and tumour necrosis factor-alpha measured by ELISA. Croton oil induction increased the recto-anal coefficient and elevated IL-6 and TNF-α levels compared with normal controls. The 45% formulation produced moderate reductions in inflammatory parameters. The 90% formulation reduced the recto-anal coefficient to a value close to the normal control and decreased IL-6 and TNF-α levels by 63.55% and 50.8%, respectively, compared with the negative control. These findings indicate that the plant-based formulation showed dose-dependent anti-inflammatory activity in this experimental model of haemorrhoidal inflammation.
Keywords: Haemorrhoidal inflammation, topical formulation, Solanum nigrum, Combretum racemosus, croton oil, tumour necrosis factor-alpha, aqueous extracts, medicinal plants