Analysis of the Influence of Zn Excess in the Pineal Gland by Total Reflection X-ray Fluorescence
Asian Journal of Biology,
Page 9-26
DOI:
10.9734/ajob/2022/v16i4307
Abstract
The TXRF technique (total reflection X-ray fluorescence) was employed to analyze the concentration of zinc (Zn) and other metals in the pineal gland of rats submitted to orally administered excess dose of Zn sulfate. The histochemical localization of Zn was also performed. TXRF results showed a 42.9% increase in Zn concentration, and alterations on the homeostasis of other essential elements in rats. It was concluded that TXRF is a suitable technique for measuring, for the first time in this work, the concentration of Zn accumulated in the pineal gland after administration of an excess dose of Zn, and this result may be either directly or indirectly related to alteration in the homeostasis of other chemical elements, such as S, Cl, K, Ca, Ti, Cr, Mn and Fe.
Keywords:
- Pineal
- rat
- Zinc
- TXRF
- hyperzincemia
How to Cite
Elenice Maria, C.-G., Renata Faria, B., Caroline, F.-P., & Blanco, M. A. M. (2022). Analysis of the Influence of Zn Excess in the Pineal Gland by Total Reflection X-ray Fluorescence. Asian Journal of Biology, 16(4), 9-26. https://doi.org/10.9734/ajob/2022/v16i4307
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Ozturk G, Akbulut KG, Afrasyap L. Age-related changes in tissue and plasma zinc levels: Modulation by exogenously administered melatonin. Exp Aging Res. 2008 34:453-462.
Frederickson CJ, Sang Won Suh DS, Frederickson CJ, Thompson RB. Importance of zinc in the central nervous system: The zinc-containing neuron. The Journal of Nutrition. 2000;130(5):1471S–1483S.
Available:https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/130.5.1471S
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de Moura JE, de Moura ENO, Alves CX, Vale SHL, Dantas MMG, Silva AA, Almeida MG, Leite LD, Brandão-Neto J. Oral zinc supplementation may improve cognitive function in schoolchildren. Biol Trace Elem Res. 2013;155:23-28.
Available:https://doi.org/10.1007/s12011-013-9766-9
Wessels I, Maywald M, Rink L. Zinc as a gatekeeper of immune function. Nutrients. 2017;9(12):1286.
Available:https://doi.org/10.3390/nu9121286
Jarosz M, Olbert M, Wyszogrodzka G, Mlyniec K, Librowski T. Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of zinc. Zinc-dependent NF-kappaB signaling. Inflammopharmacol. 2017;25:11–24.
Bitanihirwe BK, Cunningham MG. Zinc: the brain’s dark horse. Synapse. 2009;63:1029–1049.
Campbell A, Smith MA, Sayre LM, Bondy SC, Perry G. Mechanisms by which metals promote events connected to neurodegenerative diseases. Brain Resear Bull. 2001;55:125-132.
Bush AI. Metals and neuroscience. Curr Opin Chem Biol. 2000;4:184-191.
Choi DW, Yokoyama M, Koh J. Zinc neurotoxicity in cortical cell culture. Neuroscience. 1988;24(1):67-79.
DOI: 10.1016/0306-4522(88)90312-0
Kawahara M, Kato-Negishi M, Tanaka KI. Amyloids: Regulators of metal homeostasis in the synapse. Molecules. 2020;25(6):1441-1460.
Cuajungco MP, Less G. Zinc metabolism in the brain: relevance to human neurodegenerative disorders. Neurobiol Dis. 1997;4:137-169.
Bush AI, Pettingell WH, Multhaup G, Paradis M, Vonsattel JP, Gusella JF, Beyreuther K, Masters CL, Tanzi RE. Rapid induction of Alzheimer A beta amyloid formation by zinc. Science. 1994;265:1464-1467.
Erikson KM, Thompson K, Aschner J, Aschner M. Manganese neurotoxicity: A focus on the neonate. Pharmacology & Therapeutics. 2007;113(2):369–77.
DOI:10.1016/j.pharmthera.2006.09.002
Koh JY, Suh SW, Gwag BJ, He YY, Hsu CY, Choi DW. The role of zinc in selective neuronal death after transient global cerebral ischemia. Sci. 1996;272:1013-1016.
Adlard PA, Bush AI. Metals and alzheimer’s disease: How far have we come in the clinic? J. Alzheimers. Dis. 2018;62:1369–1379.
Serpa RFB, Jesus EFO, Anjos MJ, Carmo MGT, Moreira S, Rocha MS, Martinez AMP, Lopes RT. Elemental concentration analyze in brain structures from young, adult and old wistar rats by total reflection X-ray fluorescence with synchrotron radiation. Spectrochim Acta Part B. 2006;61:1205-1209.
Klockenkamper R. Total-reflection X-ray fluorescence analysis. Institut fur Spectrochemie und Angewandte Spektroskopie. Dourtmund, Germany. 1996;140.
Shaw E, Dean LA. Use of Dithizone as an extractant to estimate the zinc nutrient. Status of soils. Soil Sci. 1952;73(5):341-348.
Hamani C, de Paulo I, Mello LEAM. Neo-Timm staining in the thalamus of chronically epileptic rats. Braz J Med Biol Res. 2005;38:1677-1682.
Danscher G. Histochemical demonstration of heavy metais. Histochemi. 1981;71:1-16.
Danscher G, Zimmer J. An improved Timm sulphide silver method for light and electron microscopic localization of heavy metals in biological tissue. Histochemi. 1978;55:27-40.
Frederickson CJ, Kasarkis EJ, Ringo D, Frederickson RE. A quinoline fluorescence method for visualizing and assaying the histochemically reactive zinc (bouton zinc) in the brain. J. Neurosci. Methods. 1987;20:91-103.
Slovitter R. A simplified Timm stain procedure compatible with formaldehyde fixation and routine paraffin embedding of rat brain. Brain Res Bull. 1982;8:771-774.
Bancroft JD, Gamble M. Theory and practice of histological techniques. Reino Unido: Churchill Livingstone. 2008:121-134.
McCormick N, Velasquez V, Finney L, Vogt S, Kelleher SL. X-Ray fluorescence microscopy reveals accumulation and secretion of discrete intracellular zinc pools in the lactating mouse mammary gland. PLOS ONE. 2010;5(6):e11078.
Klockemkãmper R, Von Bohlen A. Elemental analysis of environmental samples by total reflection fluorescence: A review. X-Ray Spectrom. 1996;25:156-162.
Takeda A. Zinc homeostasis and functions of zinc in the brain. BioMetals. 2001;14:343-351.
Yokoyama M, Koh J, Choi DW. Brief exposure to zinc is toxic to cortical neurons. NeurosciLett. 1986;71:351-355.
Tubek S, Grzanka P, Tubek I. Role of zinc in hemostasis: A review. Biol Trace Elem Res. 2008;121:1-8.
Suh SW, Jensen KB, Jensen MS, Silva DS, Kesslak PJ, Danscher G, Frederickson CJ. Histochemically-reactive zinc in amyloid plaques, angiopathy, and degenerating neurons of alzheimer’s disease brains. Brain Res. 2000;852:274-278.
Person O, Botti AS, Péres MCLC. Clinical repercussions of zinc deficiency in human beings. Arq Med ABC. 2006;31:46-52.
Fluegge KBA. Zinc and copper metabolism and risk of autism: A reply to Sayehmiri et al. Iranian Journal of Child Neurology. 2017;11(3):66–69.
Kaur C, Ling EA. The circumventricular organs. Histol Histopathol. 2017;32(9):879-892.
Zatta P, Raso M, Zambenedetti P, Rocco P, Petretto A, Mauri P, Cozzi B. Metallothionein-I-II expression in young and adult bovine pineal gland. J Chem Neuroanat. 2006;31(2):124-129.
Zoroddu MA, Aaseth J, Crisponi G, Medici S, Peana M, Nurchi VM. The essential metals for humans: A brief overview. J Inorg Biochem. 2019;195:120-129.
Hock A, Demmel U, Schicha H, Kasperek K, Feinendegen LE. Trace element concentration in human brain. Brain. 1975;98:49-64.
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