Behavioural Toxicity of a Combined Oilfield Chemicals on African Catfish (Clarias gariepinus) (Burchell 1822)
Asian Journal of Biology,
Page 1-13
DOI:
10.9734/ajob/2022/v15i230233
Abstract
The toxicity of the combination of xylene and diesel at a 50:50 ratio on the African catfish (Clarias gariepinus) was investigated using a static bioassay for 96hrs. No significant difference (P>0.05) was observed in the Physicochemical parameters of the experimental water after exposure for 24 hours among the different concentration gradients and the controlled unit. Although there was an increased variation along the concentration gradient observed after 96hours. The behavioral responses of the test fish from 24-96 hours of exposure show normal behavioral responses in the control. C. gariepinus exposed to 25 ml/l to 50 mg/l concentration of the toxicant showed normal behavior from 24 to 48 hours. Afterward, the fish that were active stopped swimming and remained static for a while in response to the sudden changes in the surrounding environment. Generally, fish exposed to higher concentrations such as 100 ml/l to 250 ml/l of the test chemicals showed progressive hyperventilation and abnormal behavior like gulping air, erratic swimming movement, very fast swimming, jumping, and displaying vigorous jerky movement suffocation, and loss of reflex. A faster operculum and tail beat movement was also observed with Spiraling. The behavioral responses increased significantly (P<0.05) with an increase in concentration per time as compared to the control group of fish. The noticeable behavioural difference was recorded for the different concentrations of the test chemical. An eco-friendly chemical that is within the acceptable limits recommended by WHO and DPR should be used in well stimulation and cleaning for sustainable biodiversity and a healthy aquatic environment.
Keywords:
- Behavioural
- responses
- Clarias gariepinus
- xylene
- diesel
How to Cite
Davies, I. C., & Uedeme-Naa, B. (2022). Behavioural Toxicity of a Combined Oilfield Chemicals on African Catfish (Clarias gariepinus) (Burchell 1822). Asian Journal of Biology, 15(2), 1-13. https://doi.org/10.9734/ajob/2022/v15i230233
References
Ite AE, Ibok UJ, Margaret UI, Petters SW. Petroleum exploration and production: Past and present environmental issues in Nigeria’s Niger Delta. American Journal of Environmental Protection. 2013;1(4): 78- 85.
Uche AO, Francis DS, Sidney ON. Endoparasitaemia of Chrysichthys Nigrodigitatus in a Tidal Freshwater Body in the Niger Delta, Nigeria. Inter. J. of Sci. Res. in Environ. Sci. 2015;2(7):250-260.
Osuji L. Some environmental hazards of oil pollution in Niger Delta, Nigeria. African Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies. 2002; 3(1):11-17.
Dorsey A. Toxicological profile for alpha-, beta-, gamma, and delta-hexachlorocyclohexane. Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry; 2005.
John M, Valérie M, Beth M. What Next for the Oil and Gas Industry; 2012.
Available:www.chathamhouse.org
Retrieved 16th August 2018.
Joel OF. Drilling, cementing, and stimulation fluids. Amethyst & Colleagues Publishers; 2010.
ISBN: 987-8068-56-5.
Davies IC, Ebere SE, Aduabobo IH, Leo CO. Lethal Effects of Xylene and Diesel on African Catfish (Clarias gariepinus). Journal of Environmental Science, Toxicology and Food Technology. 2019a; 13(5):29-33.
Shankar MK, Kiran BR, Venkateshwarlu M. A review on toxicity of pesticides in Fish. International Journal of Open Scientific Research. 2013;1(1):15-36.
Davies IC, Ebere SE, Aduabobo IH, Leo CO. Acute Toxicity of Xylene on the African Catfish Clarias gariepinus. Journal of Applied Science and Environmental Management. 2019b;23(7): 1251-1255.
Ormerod SJ, Boole P, McCahon CP, Weatherley NS, Pascoe D, Edwards RW. Short‐term experimental acidification of a Welsh stream: comparing the biological effects of hydrogen ions and aluminum. Freshwater Biology. 1987;17(2):341-356.
Arbel J, King CK, Raymond B, Winsley T, Mengersen KL. Application of a Bayesian nonparametric model to derive toxicity estimates based on the response of Antarctic microbial communities to fuel‐contaminated soil. Ecology and Evolution. 2015;5(13):2633-2645.
Anderson JW, Neff JM, Cox BA, Tatem HE, Hightower GM. Characteristics of dispersions and water-soluble extracts of crude and refined oils and their toxicity to estuarine crustaceans and fish. Marine Biology. 1974;27:75–88.
Orlu EE, Ogbalu OK. Evaluation of the effect of water-soluble fraction (Wsf) of bonny light crude oil and sublethal concentrations of Lepidagathis alopecuroides (Vahl) on reproduction in Clarias gariepinus (Burchell 1822). Journal of Animal and Veterinary Advances. 2013; 5:240-244.
Gabriel UU, Obomanu FG. Opercula ventilation and Tail beat frequency of Monocron exposed Claria sgariepinus Burch. Journal of Aquatic Sciences. 2008; 23(1):35-38.
American Public Health Association (APHA). Standard methods for the examination of water and wastewater, 20th edition (Revised edition), American Public Health Association NY USA. 1998;1076.
Duncan DS. Multiple ranges and multiple F- tests. Biometrics. 1955;11:1-42.
Alabaster JS, Lloyd R. Water quality criteria for fresh water fish. Butter worth’s, London, U.K. 1980;297.
World Health Organization (WHO). Guideline for Drinking Water quality (electronic Resource). Incorporating first Addendum 1, Recommendations-3rd; 2006. Retrieved June 4, 2018
Available:http://www.whglibdoc.who.int/publications/2006/9241546- 964.eng.pd
Federal Ministry of Environment (FME). National Guideline and Standard for water quality in Nigeria. Technical Advisory Committee on water quality criteria, Nigeria. 1992;14-16.
Manilla RN, Frank OM. Lakes of the Niger Delta Flood plain 1. Chemical Characteristics of five lakes (Akipe, Egbedidi, Esiribi, Aboh, and Egbinya) in Bayelsa State, Nigeria. Journal of Chemical Society of Nigeria. 2009;34(2): 44.
Edimeh PO, Eneji IS, Oketunde OF, Sha’ato R. Physicochemical parameters and some Heavy metals content of Rivers Inachalo and Niger in Idah, Kogi State. Journal of Chemical Society Nigeria. 2011;36(1):95-101.
Aremu MO, Olaofe O, Ikokoh PP, Yakubu MM. Physicochemical characteristics of a stream, well, and borehole water sources in Eggon, Nasarawa State, Nigeria. Journal Chemical Society Nigeria. 2011; 36(1):131-136.
Calvalho CS, Araujo HS, Fernandez MN. Hepatic metallothionein in a teleost (Prohilodus scrofa) exposed to Cu at pH 4.5 and 8.0. Comprehensive Biochem. Physiology. 2004;137(13):225-234.
Heijerick DG, Janssen CR, DeCren WM. The combined effect of pH, hardness and dissolved organic carbon on the chronic toxicity of Zinc to D. Magna: Development of the surface response model. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology. 2003;44:210-217.
Ayotunde EO, Offem BO, Bekah AF. Toxicity of Carica papaya Linn: Haematological and piscidal effect on adult catfish (Clarias gariepinus). Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic of Science. 2011; 6(3):291-308.
Adewoye SO. A comparative study on the behavioural responses of Clarias gariepinus on exposure to soap and detergent effluent Advances in Applied Research. 2010;1(1):89-95.
Ogundiran MA, Fawole OO, Aderoye SD, Ayandiran TA. Toxicological impact of detergent effluent on juveniles of African catfish (Clarias gariepinus) (Buchell. 1822). Agriculture and Biology Journal of North America. 2010;1(3):330-342.
Saudi Arabian Standards Organization (SASO). Bottled and Unbott1ed Drinking. 1984;81:38-43.
Gulf Cooperation Council Standards (G.C.C.S). Unbottled drinking water standards; Standardization and Metrology Organization for the Gulf Cooperation Council Countries # GS149/193, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. 1993;23.
Pal D. Bioremediation-The Nature’s Way. Journal of Advanced Scientific Research. 2020;11(03):1-11.
Di Toro DM, Allen HE, Bergman HI, Paquain PR, Samouve RC. Biotic1 Ligand Model of the acute toxicity of metals. Technical basis. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry. 2001;20:2383-2396.
Singh V, Chandel CPS. Physico-Chemical Parameters and Some Heavy Metals in Soil from Diverse Farms of Jaipur, Rajasthan. Environment and Ecology. 2006;24(1):28-31.
NIST, National Institute of Standard and Technology, Gaitherburg, Maryland, USA, Certificate of Analysis; 2007.
Saksena DN, Kaushik S. Trophic status and habitat ecology of entomofauna of three water bodies at Gwalior, Madhya Pradesh. Perspective in entomological research (Ed.: OP Agrawal). Scientific Publishers, Jodhpur; 1994.
Department of Environment (DOE). Bangladesh Gazette, No. DA- 1; Department of Environment. Ministry of Environment and Forest. 2001;1324-1327.
Environmental Protection Agency. Water quality criteria for the protection of aquatic life and its uses: ammonia. Final draft. Office of Research and Development. Environmental Research Laboratory. Duluth, MN. 2007;189.
Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR). Division of Toxicology and Environmental Medicine 1600 Clifton Road NE, Mailstop F-32, Atlanta, GA 3033. 2007;174:37618-37634.
Sylvia DM, Fuhrmann JJ, Hartel PG, Zuberer DA (Eds.). Principles and applications of soil microbiology (No. QR111 S674 2005). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Prentice Hall. 2005;1-8.
Uddin N, Hasan MR, Hasan MM, Hossain MM, Alam MR, Hasan MR, Rana MS. Assessment of toxic effects of the methanol extract of Citrus macroptera Montr. fruit via biochemical and hematological evaluation in female Sprague-Dawley rats. PLoS One. 2014; 9(11):e111101.
Dowden BF, Bennett HJ. Toxicity of selected chemicals to certain animals. Journal of Water Pollution Control Federation. 1965;37:1308–1317.
Perveen K, Haseeb A, Shukla PK. Effect of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum on the Disease development, growth, oil yield, and biochemical changes in plants of Mentha arvensis. Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences. 2010;17(4):291-294.
Edimeh PO, Eneji IS, Oketunde OF, Sha’Ato R. Physico-chemical parameters and some Heavy metals content of Rivers Inachalo and Niger in Idah, Kogi State. Journal Chemical Society Nigeria. 2011;36(1):95-101.
Ibrahim AEM, Osman BO, Mohamed-Ali MH. Assessment of Physicochemical parameters of surface water sources in Kusti Town - Sudan. European Journal of Pharmaceutical and Medical Research. 2015;2(4):44-58.
Ibrahim AH. Effects of exopolysaccharide-producing starter cultures on physicochemical, rheological, and sensory properties of fermented camel’s milk. Emirates Journal of Food and Agriculture. 2015;373-384.
Choudhary R, Rawrani P, Vishwakarma M. Comparative study of Drinking Water Quality Parameters of three Manmade Reservoirs i.e. Kolar, Kaliasote, and Kerwa Dam. Current World Environment. 2011; 6(1):145-149.
Nwani CD, Ivoke N, Ugwu DO, Atama C, Onyishi GC, Echi PC, Ogbonna SA. Investigation of acute toxicity and behavioral changes in a freshwater African catfish, Clarias gariepinus (Burchell, 1822), exposed to the organophosphorus pesticide, Termifos®.61:704-718. Pakistan J. Zool. 2013;45(4):959-965.
Bridges, Christine M, Raymond D. Semlitsch. Variation in pesticide tolerance of tadpoles among and within species of Ranidae and patterns of amphibian decline. Conservation Biology. 2000;14(5): 1490-1499.
Jones DK, Hammond JI, Relyea RA. Very highly toxic effects of endosulfan across nine species of tadpoles: Lag effects and family‐level sensitivity. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry: An International Journal. 2009;28(9):1939-1945.
Davies IC, Agarin OJ, Onoja CR. Study On Heavy Metals Levels and Some Physicochemical Parameters of a Polluted Creek Along the Tin Can Island in Lagos; 2021.
Vanzella TP, Martinez CBR, Cólus IMS. Genotoxic and mutagenic effects of diesel oil water-soluble fraction on a neotropical fish species. Mutation Research / Genetic Toxicology and Environmental Mutagenesis. 2007;631(1):36-43
Ramesh M, Saravanan M. Haematological and biochemical responses in a freshwater fish Cyprinus carpio exposed to chlorpyrifos. International Journal of Integrative Biology. 2008;3(1):80-83.
Gerhardt A. Aquatic behavioral ecotoxicology—prospects and limitations. Human and Ecological Risk Assessment. 2007;13(3):481-491.
Nwani CD, Nagpure NS, Kumar R, Kushwaha B, Kumar P, Lakra WS. Mutagenic and genotoxic assessment of atrazine-based herbicide to freshwater fish Channa punctatus (Bloch) using micronucleus test and single-cell gel electrophoresis. Environmental Toxicology and Pharmacology. 2011;31(2):314-322.
Sharbidre AA, Metkari V, Patode P. Effect of methyl parathion and chlorpyrifos on certain biomarkers in various tissues of guppy fish, Poecilia reticulata. Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology. 2011; 101(2):132-141.
Ansari RA, Rahman S, Kaur M, Anjum S, Raisuddin S. In vivo cytogenetic and oxidative stress-inducing effects of cypermethrin in freshwater fish, Channa punctata Bloch. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety. 2011;74(1):150-156.
Pandey AK, Nagpure NS, Trivedi SP, Kumar R, Kushwaha B, Lakra WS. Investigation of acute toxicity and behavioral changes in Channa punctatus (Bloch) due to organophosphate pesticide profenofos. Drug and Chemical Toxicology. 2011;34(4):424-428.
Ahmad M. Assessment of genomic diversity among wheat genotypes as determined by simple sequence repeats. Genome. 2012;45(4):646-651.
Dos Santos Miron D, Crestani M, Shettinger MR, Morsch VM, Baldisserotto B, Tierno MA, Vieira VLP. Effects of the herbicides clomazone, quinclorac, and metsulfuron-methyl on acetylcholinesterase activity in the silver catfish (Rhamdia quelen) (Heptapteridae). Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety. 2005;61(3):398-403.
Pandey RK, Rehman A, Sarviya RM. Impact of alternative fuel properties on fuel spray behavior and atomization. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. 2012;16(3):1762-1778.
Umejuru O. Juvenile crawfish (Procambarusclarkii) LC50 mortality from South Louisiana crude, peanut, and mineral oil.LSU Masters Theses. 2007; 344.
Davies IC, Erondu ES, Akoko S. Haematological and behavioral response of African catfish (Clarias gariepinus) (Burchell, 1822) exposed to sub-lethal concentration of xylene. World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews. 2022; 14(01):554–565.
Uche AO, Francis DS, Sidney ON. Endoparasitaemia of Chrysichthys Nigrodigitatus in a Tidal Freshwater Body in the Niger Delta, Nigeria. Inter. J. of Sci. Res. in Environ. Sci. 2015;2(7):250-260.
Osuji L. Some environmental hazards of oil pollution in Niger Delta, Nigeria. African Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies. 2002; 3(1):11-17.
Dorsey A. Toxicological profile for alpha-, beta-, gamma, and delta-hexachlorocyclohexane. Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry; 2005.
John M, Valérie M, Beth M. What Next for the Oil and Gas Industry; 2012.
Available:www.chathamhouse.org
Retrieved 16th August 2018.
Joel OF. Drilling, cementing, and stimulation fluids. Amethyst & Colleagues Publishers; 2010.
ISBN: 987-8068-56-5.
Davies IC, Ebere SE, Aduabobo IH, Leo CO. Lethal Effects of Xylene and Diesel on African Catfish (Clarias gariepinus). Journal of Environmental Science, Toxicology and Food Technology. 2019a; 13(5):29-33.
Shankar MK, Kiran BR, Venkateshwarlu M. A review on toxicity of pesticides in Fish. International Journal of Open Scientific Research. 2013;1(1):15-36.
Davies IC, Ebere SE, Aduabobo IH, Leo CO. Acute Toxicity of Xylene on the African Catfish Clarias gariepinus. Journal of Applied Science and Environmental Management. 2019b;23(7): 1251-1255.
Ormerod SJ, Boole P, McCahon CP, Weatherley NS, Pascoe D, Edwards RW. Short‐term experimental acidification of a Welsh stream: comparing the biological effects of hydrogen ions and aluminum. Freshwater Biology. 1987;17(2):341-356.
Arbel J, King CK, Raymond B, Winsley T, Mengersen KL. Application of a Bayesian nonparametric model to derive toxicity estimates based on the response of Antarctic microbial communities to fuel‐contaminated soil. Ecology and Evolution. 2015;5(13):2633-2645.
Anderson JW, Neff JM, Cox BA, Tatem HE, Hightower GM. Characteristics of dispersions and water-soluble extracts of crude and refined oils and their toxicity to estuarine crustaceans and fish. Marine Biology. 1974;27:75–88.
Orlu EE, Ogbalu OK. Evaluation of the effect of water-soluble fraction (Wsf) of bonny light crude oil and sublethal concentrations of Lepidagathis alopecuroides (Vahl) on reproduction in Clarias gariepinus (Burchell 1822). Journal of Animal and Veterinary Advances. 2013; 5:240-244.
Gabriel UU, Obomanu FG. Opercula ventilation and Tail beat frequency of Monocron exposed Claria sgariepinus Burch. Journal of Aquatic Sciences. 2008; 23(1):35-38.
American Public Health Association (APHA). Standard methods for the examination of water and wastewater, 20th edition (Revised edition), American Public Health Association NY USA. 1998;1076.
Duncan DS. Multiple ranges and multiple F- tests. Biometrics. 1955;11:1-42.
Alabaster JS, Lloyd R. Water quality criteria for fresh water fish. Butter worth’s, London, U.K. 1980;297.
World Health Organization (WHO). Guideline for Drinking Water quality (electronic Resource). Incorporating first Addendum 1, Recommendations-3rd; 2006. Retrieved June 4, 2018
Available:http://www.whglibdoc.who.int/publications/2006/9241546- 964.eng.pd
Federal Ministry of Environment (FME). National Guideline and Standard for water quality in Nigeria. Technical Advisory Committee on water quality criteria, Nigeria. 1992;14-16.
Manilla RN, Frank OM. Lakes of the Niger Delta Flood plain 1. Chemical Characteristics of five lakes (Akipe, Egbedidi, Esiribi, Aboh, and Egbinya) in Bayelsa State, Nigeria. Journal of Chemical Society of Nigeria. 2009;34(2): 44.
Edimeh PO, Eneji IS, Oketunde OF, Sha’ato R. Physicochemical parameters and some Heavy metals content of Rivers Inachalo and Niger in Idah, Kogi State. Journal of Chemical Society Nigeria. 2011;36(1):95-101.
Aremu MO, Olaofe O, Ikokoh PP, Yakubu MM. Physicochemical characteristics of a stream, well, and borehole water sources in Eggon, Nasarawa State, Nigeria. Journal Chemical Society Nigeria. 2011; 36(1):131-136.
Calvalho CS, Araujo HS, Fernandez MN. Hepatic metallothionein in a teleost (Prohilodus scrofa) exposed to Cu at pH 4.5 and 8.0. Comprehensive Biochem. Physiology. 2004;137(13):225-234.
Heijerick DG, Janssen CR, DeCren WM. The combined effect of pH, hardness and dissolved organic carbon on the chronic toxicity of Zinc to D. Magna: Development of the surface response model. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology. 2003;44:210-217.
Ayotunde EO, Offem BO, Bekah AF. Toxicity of Carica papaya Linn: Haematological and piscidal effect on adult catfish (Clarias gariepinus). Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic of Science. 2011; 6(3):291-308.
Adewoye SO. A comparative study on the behavioural responses of Clarias gariepinus on exposure to soap and detergent effluent Advances in Applied Research. 2010;1(1):89-95.
Ogundiran MA, Fawole OO, Aderoye SD, Ayandiran TA. Toxicological impact of detergent effluent on juveniles of African catfish (Clarias gariepinus) (Buchell. 1822). Agriculture and Biology Journal of North America. 2010;1(3):330-342.
Saudi Arabian Standards Organization (SASO). Bottled and Unbott1ed Drinking. 1984;81:38-43.
Gulf Cooperation Council Standards (G.C.C.S). Unbottled drinking water standards; Standardization and Metrology Organization for the Gulf Cooperation Council Countries # GS149/193, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. 1993;23.
Pal D. Bioremediation-The Nature’s Way. Journal of Advanced Scientific Research. 2020;11(03):1-11.
Di Toro DM, Allen HE, Bergman HI, Paquain PR, Samouve RC. Biotic1 Ligand Model of the acute toxicity of metals. Technical basis. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry. 2001;20:2383-2396.
Singh V, Chandel CPS. Physico-Chemical Parameters and Some Heavy Metals in Soil from Diverse Farms of Jaipur, Rajasthan. Environment and Ecology. 2006;24(1):28-31.
NIST, National Institute of Standard and Technology, Gaitherburg, Maryland, USA, Certificate of Analysis; 2007.
Saksena DN, Kaushik S. Trophic status and habitat ecology of entomofauna of three water bodies at Gwalior, Madhya Pradesh. Perspective in entomological research (Ed.: OP Agrawal). Scientific Publishers, Jodhpur; 1994.
Department of Environment (DOE). Bangladesh Gazette, No. DA- 1; Department of Environment. Ministry of Environment and Forest. 2001;1324-1327.
Environmental Protection Agency. Water quality criteria for the protection of aquatic life and its uses: ammonia. Final draft. Office of Research and Development. Environmental Research Laboratory. Duluth, MN. 2007;189.
Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR). Division of Toxicology and Environmental Medicine 1600 Clifton Road NE, Mailstop F-32, Atlanta, GA 3033. 2007;174:37618-37634.
Sylvia DM, Fuhrmann JJ, Hartel PG, Zuberer DA (Eds.). Principles and applications of soil microbiology (No. QR111 S674 2005). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Prentice Hall. 2005;1-8.
Uddin N, Hasan MR, Hasan MM, Hossain MM, Alam MR, Hasan MR, Rana MS. Assessment of toxic effects of the methanol extract of Citrus macroptera Montr. fruit via biochemical and hematological evaluation in female Sprague-Dawley rats. PLoS One. 2014; 9(11):e111101.
Dowden BF, Bennett HJ. Toxicity of selected chemicals to certain animals. Journal of Water Pollution Control Federation. 1965;37:1308–1317.
Perveen K, Haseeb A, Shukla PK. Effect of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum on the Disease development, growth, oil yield, and biochemical changes in plants of Mentha arvensis. Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences. 2010;17(4):291-294.
Edimeh PO, Eneji IS, Oketunde OF, Sha’Ato R. Physico-chemical parameters and some Heavy metals content of Rivers Inachalo and Niger in Idah, Kogi State. Journal Chemical Society Nigeria. 2011;36(1):95-101.
Ibrahim AEM, Osman BO, Mohamed-Ali MH. Assessment of Physicochemical parameters of surface water sources in Kusti Town - Sudan. European Journal of Pharmaceutical and Medical Research. 2015;2(4):44-58.
Ibrahim AH. Effects of exopolysaccharide-producing starter cultures on physicochemical, rheological, and sensory properties of fermented camel’s milk. Emirates Journal of Food and Agriculture. 2015;373-384.
Choudhary R, Rawrani P, Vishwakarma M. Comparative study of Drinking Water Quality Parameters of three Manmade Reservoirs i.e. Kolar, Kaliasote, and Kerwa Dam. Current World Environment. 2011; 6(1):145-149.
Nwani CD, Ivoke N, Ugwu DO, Atama C, Onyishi GC, Echi PC, Ogbonna SA. Investigation of acute toxicity and behavioral changes in a freshwater African catfish, Clarias gariepinus (Burchell, 1822), exposed to the organophosphorus pesticide, Termifos®.61:704-718. Pakistan J. Zool. 2013;45(4):959-965.
Bridges, Christine M, Raymond D. Semlitsch. Variation in pesticide tolerance of tadpoles among and within species of Ranidae and patterns of amphibian decline. Conservation Biology. 2000;14(5): 1490-1499.
Jones DK, Hammond JI, Relyea RA. Very highly toxic effects of endosulfan across nine species of tadpoles: Lag effects and family‐level sensitivity. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry: An International Journal. 2009;28(9):1939-1945.
Davies IC, Agarin OJ, Onoja CR. Study On Heavy Metals Levels and Some Physicochemical Parameters of a Polluted Creek Along the Tin Can Island in Lagos; 2021.
Vanzella TP, Martinez CBR, Cólus IMS. Genotoxic and mutagenic effects of diesel oil water-soluble fraction on a neotropical fish species. Mutation Research / Genetic Toxicology and Environmental Mutagenesis. 2007;631(1):36-43
Ramesh M, Saravanan M. Haematological and biochemical responses in a freshwater fish Cyprinus carpio exposed to chlorpyrifos. International Journal of Integrative Biology. 2008;3(1):80-83.
Gerhardt A. Aquatic behavioral ecotoxicology—prospects and limitations. Human and Ecological Risk Assessment. 2007;13(3):481-491.
Nwani CD, Nagpure NS, Kumar R, Kushwaha B, Kumar P, Lakra WS. Mutagenic and genotoxic assessment of atrazine-based herbicide to freshwater fish Channa punctatus (Bloch) using micronucleus test and single-cell gel electrophoresis. Environmental Toxicology and Pharmacology. 2011;31(2):314-322.
Sharbidre AA, Metkari V, Patode P. Effect of methyl parathion and chlorpyrifos on certain biomarkers in various tissues of guppy fish, Poecilia reticulata. Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology. 2011; 101(2):132-141.
Ansari RA, Rahman S, Kaur M, Anjum S, Raisuddin S. In vivo cytogenetic and oxidative stress-inducing effects of cypermethrin in freshwater fish, Channa punctata Bloch. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety. 2011;74(1):150-156.
Pandey AK, Nagpure NS, Trivedi SP, Kumar R, Kushwaha B, Lakra WS. Investigation of acute toxicity and behavioral changes in Channa punctatus (Bloch) due to organophosphate pesticide profenofos. Drug and Chemical Toxicology. 2011;34(4):424-428.
Ahmad M. Assessment of genomic diversity among wheat genotypes as determined by simple sequence repeats. Genome. 2012;45(4):646-651.
Dos Santos Miron D, Crestani M, Shettinger MR, Morsch VM, Baldisserotto B, Tierno MA, Vieira VLP. Effects of the herbicides clomazone, quinclorac, and metsulfuron-methyl on acetylcholinesterase activity in the silver catfish (Rhamdia quelen) (Heptapteridae). Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety. 2005;61(3):398-403.
Pandey RK, Rehman A, Sarviya RM. Impact of alternative fuel properties on fuel spray behavior and atomization. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. 2012;16(3):1762-1778.
Umejuru O. Juvenile crawfish (Procambarusclarkii) LC50 mortality from South Louisiana crude, peanut, and mineral oil.LSU Masters Theses. 2007; 344.
Davies IC, Erondu ES, Akoko S. Haematological and behavioral response of African catfish (Clarias gariepinus) (Burchell, 1822) exposed to sub-lethal concentration of xylene. World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews. 2022; 14(01):554–565.
-
Abstract View: 80 times
PDF Download: 36 times
Download Statistics
Downloads
Download data is not yet available.
