White-rumped Vulture’s Habitat Suitability Prediction using MaxEnt in Arunachal Pradesh
Asian Journal of Biology,
Page 18-30
DOI:
10.9734/ajob/2022/v15i130229
Abstract
Few reports showed that White-rumped vulture is present in Arunachal Pradesh. However, they were reported from a few places only. Such sightings suggest that either the region is not explored completely or the habitats are not suitable for the species. Therefore, knowing and predicting the habitat suitability of WRV and revealing the relative contribution of environmental variables determining such distribution can be important for their protection and conservation. The present study was based on the current distribution of WRV in Arunachal Pradesh that we had surveyed from 2016 to 2020. We followed the road count and point count methods to obtain primary occurrence data. Also, secondary data on occurrence records and data on environmental variables (landscape variables, anthropogenic variables, and climatic variables) were obtained and used. The data were processed using ArcMap. 29 occurrence records (filtered) and 11 environmental variables were used to build the prediction model using maximum entropy (MaxEnt). The MaxEnt predicted model showed high accuracy with area under the receiver operating characteristic curve value equals to 0.95 and True Skill Statistics value equals to 0.87. Of the total area, only 2629.63 km2 (3.20 %) is suitable for WRV while the majority of the area is unsuitable (79542.84 km2) (96.79 %). The elevation (32.2%), land use land cover (31.7%), and normalized difference vegetation index of November (26.7%) were the most influencing variables impacting the distribution of WRV. Among bioclimatic variables, the mean temperature of the warmest quarter and precipitation of the wettest quarter had the highest contribution. This work is the first attempt to understand the spatial distribution of WRV and the environmental factors associated with their distribution in the state. The findings can be relevant for designing conservation efforts to conserve this species in the state.
Keywords:
- White-rumped vulture
- SDM
- habitat
- MaxEnt
- Arunachal Pradesh
How to Cite
Kimsing, A. T., Ngukir, J., Biju, T., & Mize, D. (2022). White-rumped Vulture’s Habitat Suitability Prediction using MaxEnt in Arunachal Pradesh. Asian Journal of Biology, 15(1), 18-30. https://doi.org/10.9734/ajob/2022/v15i130229
References
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Baral N, Gautam R, Tamang B. Population status and breeding ecology of White-rumped Vulture Gyps bengalensis in Rampur Valley, Nepal. Forktail. 2005;21: 87–91.
Majgaonkar I, Bowden CGR, Quader S. Nesting Success and Nest-Site Selection of White-Rumped Vultures (Gyps bengalensis) in Western Maharashtra, India. Journal of Raptor Research. 2018;52(4):431–42.
Chettri N, Rastogi A, Singh OP. Assessment of raptor migration and status along the Tsangpo-Brahmaputra corridor (India) by a local communities. Avocetta. 2006;30:61–8.
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Singh P. Recent bird records from Arunachal Pradesh. Forktail. 1994;10:65–104.
Datta A, Singh P, Athreya RM, Kartikeyan S. Birds of Pakhui wildlife sanctuary in western Arunachal Pradesh, north-east India. Newsletter for Birdwatchers. 1998; 38(6):91–6.
Biswas KK, Soren PC, Basu D, Chattopadhyay S, Bhuinya S. Observation on vertebrate fauna of D’ering Memorial Wildlife Sanctuary, Arunachal Pradesh. Records of the Zoological Survey of India. 2005;105(3–4):169–88.
Kumar A. Occurrence of two critically endangered species of Gyps vultures in D’Ering memorial wildlife sanctuary and adjacent areas, Arunachal Pradesh, India. Berkut. 2010;19(1&2):101–7.
Mize D, Taba R, Chetry R, Payum T. Evaluation of the avian diversity survey in D’Ering memorial wildlife sanctuary, Arunachal Pradesh. Journal of Bioresources. 2014;1(1):4–10.
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Guisan A, Zimmermann NE. Predictive habitat distribution models in ecology. Ecological Modelling. 2000;135(2–3):147–86.
Pearson RG, Dawson TP, Liu C. Modelling species distributions in Britain: a hierarchical integration of climate and land-cover data. Ecography. 2004;27(3):285–98.
Available:http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/j.0906-7590.2004.03740.x
Phillips SJ, Anderson RP, Schapire RE. Maximum entropy modeling of species geographic distributions. Ecological Modelling. 2006;190(3–4):231–59.
Drew CA, Wiersma YF, Huettmann F. Predictive species and habitat modeling in landscape ecology. 1st ed. Springer-Verlag New York. 2011;313.
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Jha KK, Cambell MO, Jha R. Vultures, their population status and some ecological aspects in an Indian stronghold. Notulae Scientia Biologicae. 2020;12(1): 124–42.
Phillips SJ, Dudík M. Modeling of species distributions with Maxent: New extensions and a comprehensive evaluation. Ecography. 2008;31(2):161–75.
Elith J, Phillips SJ, Hastie T, Dudík M, Chee YE, Yates CJ. A statistical explanation of MaxEnt for ecologists. Diversity and Distributions. 2011;17(1):43–57.
Ferrier S. Mapping spatial pattern in biodiversity for regional conservation planning: where to from here? Funk V, editor. Systematic Biology. 2002;51(2): 331–63.
Available:http://academic.oup.com/sysbio/article/51/2/331/1661495
Jha KK, Jha R. Habitat suitability mapping for migratory and resident vultures: A case of Indian stronghold and species distribution model. Journal of Wildlife and Biodiversity. 2020;4(3):91–111. Available from: http://jwb.araku.ac.ir/
Bhusal KP, Chaudhary IP, Dangaura HL, Joshi AB, Rana DB, Ghimire S. Habitat mapping of White-rumped Vulture Gyps bengalensis, in Terai arc landscape of Nepal. Minivet. 2020;(3):10–6.
Margalida A, García D, Cortés-Avizanda A. Factors influencing the breeding density of Bearded vultures, Egyptian vultures and Eurasian griffon vultures in Catalonia (NE Spain): Management implications. Animal Biodiversity and Conservation. 2007;30(2): 189–200.
Krüger SC, Simmons RE, Amar A. Anthropogenic activities influence the abandonment of bearded vulture (Gypaetus barbatus) territories in southern Africa. Condor. 2015;117(1):94–107.
KC KB, Koju NP, Bhusal KP, Low M, Ghimire SK, Ranabhat R, et al. Factors influencing the presence of the endangered Egyptian vulture Neophron percnopterus in Rukum, Nepal. Global Ecology and Conservation. 2019; 20:e00727.
Zhang J, Jiang F, Li G, Qin W, Li S, Gao H, et al. Maxent modeling for predicting the spatial distribution of three raptors in the Sanjiangyuan national park, China. Ecology and Evolution. 2019;9(11):6643–54.
Abebe AF, Cai T, Wale M, Song G, Fjeldså J, Lei F. Factors determining species richness patterns of breeding birds along an elevational gradient in the Horn of Africa region. Ecology and Evolution. 2019;9(17):9609–23.
Bridgeford P, Bridgeford M. Ten years of monitoring breeding Lappet-faced vultures Torgos tracheliotos in the Namib-Naukluft park, Namibia. Vulture News. 2003;48 (March):3–11.
Phipps WL, Diekmann M, MacTavish LM, Mendelsohn JM, Naidoo V, Wolter K, et al. Due south: a first assessment of the potential impacts of climate change on Cape vulture occurrence. Biological Conservation. 2017;210:16–25.
Jha KK, Jha R. Study of vulture habitat suitability and impact of climate change in central india using maxent. Journal of Resources and Ecology. 2021;12(1):30–42.
Bamford AJ, Monadjem A, Hardy ICW. An effect of vegetation structure on carcass exploitation by vultures in an African savanna. Ostrich. 2009;80(3):135–7.
Santangeli A, Spiegel O, Bridgeford P, Girardello M. Synergistic effect of land-use and vegetation greenness on vulture nestling body condition in arid ecosystems. Scientific Reports. 2018;8(1):1–11.
Rodríguez-Estrella R. Land use changes affect distributional patterns of desert birds in the Baja California peninsula, Mexico. Diversity and Distributions. 2007;13(6): 877–89.
Mishra C, Datta A. A new bird species from eastern Himalayan Arunachal Pradesh - India’s biological frontier. Current Science. 2007;92(9):1205–6.
Forest Survey of India. India state of forest report. 16th ed. Vol. II. Forest Survey of India (Ministry of Environment Forest Forest and Climate Change); 2019. Available:http://www.fsi.org.in/cover_2011/uttarakhand.pdf%5C
Fuller MR, Mosher JA. Raptor survey techniques. In: Geron Pendleton BA, Millsap BA, Cline KW, Bird DM, editors. Raptor management techniques manual. National wildlife federation, Washington D.C. 1987;37–65.
Bibby CJ, Burgess ND, Hill DA. Bird census techniques. Elsevier. 1992;257.
Available:https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/C20090035314
Boria RA, Olson LE, Goodman SM, Anderson RP. Spatial filtering to reduce sampling bias can improve the performance of ecological niche models. Ecological Modelling. 2014;275:73–7.
Available:http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2013.12.012
Fick SE, Hijmans RJ. WorldClim 2: new 1-km spatial resolution climate surfaces for global land areas. Internatinal Journal of Climatology. 2017;37(12):4302–15.
Anderson RP, Gonzalez I. Species-specific tuning increases robustness to sampling bias in models of species distributions: An implementation with Maxent. Ecological Modelling. 2011;222(15):2796–811.
Available:http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2011.04.011
Muscarella R, Galante PJ, Soley-Guardia M, Boria RA, Kass JM, Uriarte M, et al. ENMeval: An R package for conducting spatially independent evaluations and estimating optimal model complexity for Maxent ecological niche models. Methods in Ecology and Evolution. 2014;5(11): 1198–205.
Warren DL, Seifert SN. Ecological niche modeling in Maxent: The importance of model complexity and the performance of model selection criteria. Ecological Applications. 2011;21(2):335–42.
Yang XQ, Kushwaha SPS, Saran S, Xu J, Roy PS. Maxent modeling for predicting the potential distribution of medicinal plant, Justicia adhatoda L. In Lesser Himalayan foothills. Ecological Engineering. 2013;51: 83–7.
Available:http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoleng.2012.12.004
Allouche O, Tsoar A, Kadmon R. Assessing the accuracy of species distribution models: Prevalence, kappa and the true skill statistic (TSS). Journal of Applied Ecology. 2006;43(6):1223–32.
Kanaujia A, Kushwaha S. Relationship between water bodies and vulture populations in Bundelkhand, India. Species. 2014;11(27):6–19.
Lu X, Ke D, Zeng X, Gong G, Ci R. Status, ecology, and conservation of the Himalayan griffon Gyps himalayensis (Aves, Accipitridae) in the Tibetan plateau. Ambio. 2009;38(3):166–73.
Angelov I, Bougain C, Schulze M, Sariri T Al, McGrady M, Meyburg BU. A globally-important stronghold in Oman for a resident population of the endangered Egyptian vulture Neophron percnopterus. Ardea. 2020;108(1):73–82.
Navaneethan B, Sankar K, Qureshi Q, Manjrekar M. The status of vultures in Bandhavgarh tiger reserve, Madhya Pradesh, central India. Journal of Threatened Taxa. 2015;7(14):8134–8.
Kumar A, Mishra S, Yadav R, Sinha A, Kanaujia A. Vultures of Pilibhit Tiger Reserve (PTR), Uttar Pradesh. Advances in Bioresearch. 2018;9(2):135–44.
Virani MZ, Monadjem A, Thomsett S, Kendall C. Seasonal variation in breeding Rüppell’s vultures Gyps rueppellii at Kwenia, southern Kenya and implications for conservation. Bird Conservation International. 2012;22(3):260–9.
BirdLife International. Threatened birds of Asia: the BirdLife International red data book. Collar NJ, Andreev AV, Chan S, Crosby MJ, Subramanya S, Tobias JA, editors. Cambridge, UK: BirdLife International. 2001;3038.
Houston DC. Indian white-backed vulture Gyps bengalensis. Newton I, Chancellor RD, editors. Conservation studies on raptors. Cambridge: International Council for Bird Preservation. Technical Publication No. 5; 1985;465–466.
BirdLife International. Species factsheet: Gyps bengalensis; 2021.
Accessed on 3 February 2021.
Available from: http://www.birdlife.org/
Prakash V. Status of vultures in Keoladeo national park, Bharatpur, Rajasthan, with special reference to population crash in Gyps species. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society. 1999;96(3):365–78.
Pain DJ, Cunningham AA, Donald PF, Duckworth JW, Houston DC, Katzner T, et al. Causes and effects of temporospatial declines of Gyps vultures in Asia. Conservation Biology. 2003;17(3):661–71.
Chakraborty R. Vultures are again in the city sky. Records of the Zoological Survey of India. 2010;110:119–23.
Grimmett R, Inskipp C, Inskipp T. Birds of the Indian subcontinent. Christopher Helm, an imprint of Bloomsbury Publishing Pic, 50 Bedford Square, London WC1B 3DP. 2014;528.
Baral N, Gautam R, Tamang B. Population status and breeding ecology of White-rumped Vulture Gyps bengalensis in Rampur Valley, Nepal. Forktail. 2005;21: 87–91.
Majgaonkar I, Bowden CGR, Quader S. Nesting Success and Nest-Site Selection of White-Rumped Vultures (Gyps bengalensis) in Western Maharashtra, India. Journal of Raptor Research. 2018;52(4):431–42.
Chettri N, Rastogi A, Singh OP. Assessment of raptor migration and status along the Tsangpo-Brahmaputra corridor (India) by a local communities. Avocetta. 2006;30:61–8.
Katti M, Singh P, Manjrekar N, Sharma D, Mukherjee S. An ornithological survey in eastern Arunachal Pradesh, India. Forktail. 1992;7:75–89.
Singh P. Recent bird records from Arunachal Pradesh. Forktail. 1994;10:65–104.
Datta A, Singh P, Athreya RM, Kartikeyan S. Birds of Pakhui wildlife sanctuary in western Arunachal Pradesh, north-east India. Newsletter for Birdwatchers. 1998; 38(6):91–6.
Biswas KK, Soren PC, Basu D, Chattopadhyay S, Bhuinya S. Observation on vertebrate fauna of D’ering Memorial Wildlife Sanctuary, Arunachal Pradesh. Records of the Zoological Survey of India. 2005;105(3–4):169–88.
Kumar A. Occurrence of two critically endangered species of Gyps vultures in D’Ering memorial wildlife sanctuary and adjacent areas, Arunachal Pradesh, India. Berkut. 2010;19(1&2):101–7.
Mize D, Taba R, Chetry R, Payum T. Evaluation of the avian diversity survey in D’Ering memorial wildlife sanctuary, Arunachal Pradesh. Journal of Bioresources. 2014;1(1):4–10.
Rahmani AR, Islam MZ, Kasambe RM. Important bird and biodiversity areas in India: priority sites for conservation. 2nd ed. Ugra G, Maithreyi MR, editors. Bombay Natural History Society, Hornbill House, Shaheed Bhagat Singh Road, Mumbai. 2016;209–318.
Rangini N, Lodhi MS, Palni LMS, Chaudhry S, Samal PK. A Review of Avifaunal Diversity of Dehang Debang Biosphere Reserve, Arunachal Pradesh. Indian Forester. 2014;140(10):998–1004.
Guisan A, Zimmermann NE. Predictive habitat distribution models in ecology. Ecological Modelling. 2000;135(2–3):147–86.
Pearson RG, Dawson TP, Liu C. Modelling species distributions in Britain: a hierarchical integration of climate and land-cover data. Ecography. 2004;27(3):285–98.
Available:http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/j.0906-7590.2004.03740.x
Phillips SJ, Anderson RP, Schapire RE. Maximum entropy modeling of species geographic distributions. Ecological Modelling. 2006;190(3–4):231–59.
Drew CA, Wiersma YF, Huettmann F. Predictive species and habitat modeling in landscape ecology. 1st ed. Springer-Verlag New York. 2011;313.
Available:https://www.springer.com/gp/book/9781441973894
Thapa A, Wu R, Hu Y, Nie Y, Singh PB, Khatiwada JR, et al. Predicting the potential distribution of the endangered Red panda across its entire range using MaxEnt modeling. Ecology and Evolution. 2018;8(21):10542–54.
Jha KK, Cambell MO, Jha R. Vultures, their population status and some ecological aspects in an Indian stronghold. Notulae Scientia Biologicae. 2020;12(1): 124–42.
Phillips SJ, Dudík M. Modeling of species distributions with Maxent: New extensions and a comprehensive evaluation. Ecography. 2008;31(2):161–75.
Elith J, Phillips SJ, Hastie T, Dudík M, Chee YE, Yates CJ. A statistical explanation of MaxEnt for ecologists. Diversity and Distributions. 2011;17(1):43–57.
Ferrier S. Mapping spatial pattern in biodiversity for regional conservation planning: where to from here? Funk V, editor. Systematic Biology. 2002;51(2): 331–63.
Available:http://academic.oup.com/sysbio/article/51/2/331/1661495
Jha KK, Jha R. Habitat suitability mapping for migratory and resident vultures: A case of Indian stronghold and species distribution model. Journal of Wildlife and Biodiversity. 2020;4(3):91–111. Available from: http://jwb.araku.ac.ir/
Bhusal KP, Chaudhary IP, Dangaura HL, Joshi AB, Rana DB, Ghimire S. Habitat mapping of White-rumped Vulture Gyps bengalensis, in Terai arc landscape of Nepal. Minivet. 2020;(3):10–6.
Margalida A, García D, Cortés-Avizanda A. Factors influencing the breeding density of Bearded vultures, Egyptian vultures and Eurasian griffon vultures in Catalonia (NE Spain): Management implications. Animal Biodiversity and Conservation. 2007;30(2): 189–200.
Krüger SC, Simmons RE, Amar A. Anthropogenic activities influence the abandonment of bearded vulture (Gypaetus barbatus) territories in southern Africa. Condor. 2015;117(1):94–107.
KC KB, Koju NP, Bhusal KP, Low M, Ghimire SK, Ranabhat R, et al. Factors influencing the presence of the endangered Egyptian vulture Neophron percnopterus in Rukum, Nepal. Global Ecology and Conservation. 2019; 20:e00727.
Zhang J, Jiang F, Li G, Qin W, Li S, Gao H, et al. Maxent modeling for predicting the spatial distribution of three raptors in the Sanjiangyuan national park, China. Ecology and Evolution. 2019;9(11):6643–54.
Abebe AF, Cai T, Wale M, Song G, Fjeldså J, Lei F. Factors determining species richness patterns of breeding birds along an elevational gradient in the Horn of Africa region. Ecology and Evolution. 2019;9(17):9609–23.
Bridgeford P, Bridgeford M. Ten years of monitoring breeding Lappet-faced vultures Torgos tracheliotos in the Namib-Naukluft park, Namibia. Vulture News. 2003;48 (March):3–11.
Phipps WL, Diekmann M, MacTavish LM, Mendelsohn JM, Naidoo V, Wolter K, et al. Due south: a first assessment of the potential impacts of climate change on Cape vulture occurrence. Biological Conservation. 2017;210:16–25.
Jha KK, Jha R. Study of vulture habitat suitability and impact of climate change in central india using maxent. Journal of Resources and Ecology. 2021;12(1):30–42.
Bamford AJ, Monadjem A, Hardy ICW. An effect of vegetation structure on carcass exploitation by vultures in an African savanna. Ostrich. 2009;80(3):135–7.
Santangeli A, Spiegel O, Bridgeford P, Girardello M. Synergistic effect of land-use and vegetation greenness on vulture nestling body condition in arid ecosystems. Scientific Reports. 2018;8(1):1–11.
Rodríguez-Estrella R. Land use changes affect distributional patterns of desert birds in the Baja California peninsula, Mexico. Diversity and Distributions. 2007;13(6): 877–89.
Mishra C, Datta A. A new bird species from eastern Himalayan Arunachal Pradesh - India’s biological frontier. Current Science. 2007;92(9):1205–6.
Forest Survey of India. India state of forest report. 16th ed. Vol. II. Forest Survey of India (Ministry of Environment Forest Forest and Climate Change); 2019. Available:http://www.fsi.org.in/cover_2011/uttarakhand.pdf%5C
Fuller MR, Mosher JA. Raptor survey techniques. In: Geron Pendleton BA, Millsap BA, Cline KW, Bird DM, editors. Raptor management techniques manual. National wildlife federation, Washington D.C. 1987;37–65.
Bibby CJ, Burgess ND, Hill DA. Bird census techniques. Elsevier. 1992;257.
Available:https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/C20090035314
Boria RA, Olson LE, Goodman SM, Anderson RP. Spatial filtering to reduce sampling bias can improve the performance of ecological niche models. Ecological Modelling. 2014;275:73–7.
Available:http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2013.12.012
Fick SE, Hijmans RJ. WorldClim 2: new 1-km spatial resolution climate surfaces for global land areas. Internatinal Journal of Climatology. 2017;37(12):4302–15.
Anderson RP, Gonzalez I. Species-specific tuning increases robustness to sampling bias in models of species distributions: An implementation with Maxent. Ecological Modelling. 2011;222(15):2796–811.
Available:http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2011.04.011
Muscarella R, Galante PJ, Soley-Guardia M, Boria RA, Kass JM, Uriarte M, et al. ENMeval: An R package for conducting spatially independent evaluations and estimating optimal model complexity for Maxent ecological niche models. Methods in Ecology and Evolution. 2014;5(11): 1198–205.
Warren DL, Seifert SN. Ecological niche modeling in Maxent: The importance of model complexity and the performance of model selection criteria. Ecological Applications. 2011;21(2):335–42.
Yang XQ, Kushwaha SPS, Saran S, Xu J, Roy PS. Maxent modeling for predicting the potential distribution of medicinal plant, Justicia adhatoda L. In Lesser Himalayan foothills. Ecological Engineering. 2013;51: 83–7.
Available:http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoleng.2012.12.004
Allouche O, Tsoar A, Kadmon R. Assessing the accuracy of species distribution models: Prevalence, kappa and the true skill statistic (TSS). Journal of Applied Ecology. 2006;43(6):1223–32.
Kanaujia A, Kushwaha S. Relationship between water bodies and vulture populations in Bundelkhand, India. Species. 2014;11(27):6–19.
Lu X, Ke D, Zeng X, Gong G, Ci R. Status, ecology, and conservation of the Himalayan griffon Gyps himalayensis (Aves, Accipitridae) in the Tibetan plateau. Ambio. 2009;38(3):166–73.
Angelov I, Bougain C, Schulze M, Sariri T Al, McGrady M, Meyburg BU. A globally-important stronghold in Oman for a resident population of the endangered Egyptian vulture Neophron percnopterus. Ardea. 2020;108(1):73–82.
Navaneethan B, Sankar K, Qureshi Q, Manjrekar M. The status of vultures in Bandhavgarh tiger reserve, Madhya Pradesh, central India. Journal of Threatened Taxa. 2015;7(14):8134–8.
Kumar A, Mishra S, Yadav R, Sinha A, Kanaujia A. Vultures of Pilibhit Tiger Reserve (PTR), Uttar Pradesh. Advances in Bioresearch. 2018;9(2):135–44.
Virani MZ, Monadjem A, Thomsett S, Kendall C. Seasonal variation in breeding Rüppell’s vultures Gyps rueppellii at Kwenia, southern Kenya and implications for conservation. Bird Conservation International. 2012;22(3):260–9.
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