Recent Research Progress and Current Understanding of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)
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Published
Nov 25, 2020
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9-21
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Shwetha Krishna
Independent Researcher, Chennai 600018, Tamil Nadu, India.
Nandini Eswaran
Independent Researcher, Chennai 600088, Tamil Nadu, India.
Abstract
Coronaviruses (CoVs) are a large group of enveloped viruses with a positive-sense RNA that have characteristic spikes projecting from their surface. CoVs are well known for their large RNA genome (26-32 kb). They primarily affect mammals and birds, causing infections of the respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts. The emergence of human CoVs (HCoVs) has been reported once every ten years for the last three decades. The most recent emergence occurred in December 2019, when a new strain of CoVs named SARS-CoV-2 caused the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, leaving a devastating impact on the global healthcare. The early cases were associated with the Huanan seafood market in Wuhan, although the exact origin of the virus is still being debated. Phylogenetic analysis reveals bats to be the reservoir hosts, but the intermediate host responsible for spill-over into the human population remains debatable. Accumulating evidence cites pangolins based on the similarity of receptor binding domain in spike protein; however, the search for a conclusive intermediate host that aided in the inter-species crossover is still underway. Advances have been made in our understanding of the functions of each structural protein, but certain non-structural proteins and accessory proteins are yet to be characterised. Owing to the large genetic diversity of CoVs that arise through recombination, genetic variation, or gene gains/losses, future re-emergence of CoVs are most likely. In this review, we provide an introduction to CoVs and discuss the origin, virology, genetics, phylogeny, and pathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2 based on relevant literature.
Keywords:
2019-nCoV, coronavirus, HCoV, SARS-CoV-2.
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Review Article
References
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Astuti I, Y Srafil Y. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2): An overview of viral structure and host response, Diabetes Metab. Syndr. Clin. Res. Rev. 2020;14(4): 407–412. DOI: 10.1016/j.dsx.2020.04.020
Fuk-Woo Chan J et al. Genomic characterization of the 2019 novel human-pathogenic coronavirus isolated from a patient with atypical pneumonia after visiting Wuhan, Taylor Fr. 2020;9(1):221–236. DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2020.1719902
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Ceraolo C, F. M. Giorgi FM. Genomic variance of the 2019-nCoV coronavirus, J. Med. Virol. 2020;92(5):522–528. DOI: 10.1002/jmv.25700.
Brian DA, Baric RS. Coronavirus genome structure and replication, Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology. 2005;287:1–30. DOI: 10.1007/3-540-26765-4_1
Ferron F et al. Structural and molecular basis of mismatch correction and ribavirin excision from coronavirus RNA, Natl. Acad Sci; 2017. DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1718806115
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Fung TS, Liu DX. Human Coronavirus: Host-Pathogen Interaction, Annu. Rev. Microbiol. 2019;73(1):529–557. DOI: 10.1146/annurev-micro-020518-115759.
Zhang XW, Yap YL, Danchin A. Testing the hypothesis of a recombinant origin of the SARS-associated coronavirus, Arch Virol. 2005;150(1):1–20. DOI: 10.1007/s00705-004-0413-9
Zhang Z, Shen L. X. G.-S. reports, and undefined, Evolutionary dynamics of MERS-CoV: potential recombination, positive selection and transmission, nature.com; 2016.
Helmy YA, Fawzy M, Elaswad A, Sobieh A, Kenney SP, Shehata AA. Clinical medicine the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Comprehensive Review of Taxonomy, Genetics, Epidemiology, Diagnosis, Treatment, and Control, mdpi.com DOI: 10.3390/jcm9041225
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Letko M, Marzi A, V. M.-N. microbiology, and undefined, Functional assessment of cell entry and receptor usage for SARS-CoV-2 and other lineage B betacoronaviruses; 2020. nature.com.
Wan Y, Shang J, Graham R, Baric R, F. L.-J. of virology, and undefined, Receptor recognition by the novel coronavirus from Wuhan: an analysis based on decade-long structural studies of SARS coronavirus, Am Soc Microbiol; 2020.
Shang J et al. Structural basis of receptor recognition by SARS-CoV-2, Nature. 2020;581(7807):221–224. DOI: 10.1038/s41586-020-2179-y
Gui M et al. Cryo-electron microscopy structures of the SARS-CoV spike glycoprotein reveal a prerequisite conformational state for receptor binding, nature.com.
Yuan Y et al. Cryo-EM structures of MERS-CoV and SARS-CoV spike glycoproteins reveal the dynamic receptor binding domains; nature.com.
Bosch J, Van Der Zee R, De Haan CAM, Rottier PJM. The Coronavirus Spike Protein Is a Class I Virus Fusion Protein: Structural and Functional Characterization of the Fusion Core Complex Downloaded from. J. Virol. 2003;77(16):8801–8811. DOI: 10.1128/JVI.77.16.8801-8811.2003
Jaimes JA, Millet JK, Whittaker GR. Proteolytic Cleavage of the SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein and the Role of the Novel S1/S2 Site, iScience. 2020;23(6):101212. DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2020.101212
Zhou H, Chen X, Hughes AC, Bi Y. Shi W. A Novel Bat Coronavirus Closely Related to SARS-CoV-2 Contains Natural Insertions at the S1/S2 Cleavage Site of the Spike Protein, Curr. Biol. 2020;30:2196-2203.e3. DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2020.05.023
Hoffmann M et al. SARS-CoV-2 Cell Entry Depends on ACE2 and TMPRSS2 and Is Blocked by a Clinically Proven Protease Inhibitor, Cell. 2020;181(2):271-280.e8. DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2020.02.052
Baranov P, Henderson C, C. A.- Virology, and undefined, Programmed ribosomal frameshifting in decoding the SARS-CoV genome, Elsevie; 2005.
Ziebuhr J, Snijder EJ, Gorbalenya AE. Virus-encoded proteinases and proteolytic processing in the Nidovirales, Journal of General Virology. Society for General Microbiology. 2000;81(4):853–879. Doi: 10.1099/0022-1317-81-4-853
Liu J et al. Novel Immunodominant Peptide Presentation Strategy: a Featured HLA-A*2402-Restricted Cytotoxic T-Lymphocyte Epitope Stabilized by Intrachain Hydrogen Bonds from Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus Nucleocapsid Protein, J. Virol. 2010;84(22):11849–11857. DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01464-10
Hajeer A, Balkhy H, … S. J.-A. of thoracic, and undefined, Association of human leukocyte antigen class II alleles with severe Middle East respiratory syndrome-coronavirus infection; 2016. ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.
Wang S-F et al. Human-Leukocyte Antigen Class I Cw 1502 and Class II DR 0301 Genotypes Are Associated with Resistance to Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) Infection. liebertpub.com. 2011;24(5):421–426. DOI: 10.1089/vim.2011.0024
De Wit E, Van Doremalen N, … D. F.-N. R., and undefined, SARS and MERS: recent insights into emerging coronaviruses; 2016. nature.com.
Li G, Chen X, Xu A. Profile of specific antibodies to the SARS-associated coronavirus [6], New England Journal of Medicine. 2003;349(5):508–509. DOI: 10.1056/NEJM200307313490520
Fan Y et al. Characterization of SARS-CoV-specific memory T cells from recovered individuals 4 years after infection, Springer.
Xu Z, Shi L, Wang Y, Zhang J, … L. H.-T. L. respiratory, and undefined. Pathological findings of COVID-19 associated with acute respiratory distress syndrome; 2020. thelancet.com.
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